The holy year is a special religious time in the Catholic Church, with the ordinary jubilee celebrated every 25 years. Pope Francis proclaimed 2025 a holy year focused on hope. It is a time of grace and repentance for believers, an opportunity for deeper introspection and knowledge, for inner and outer journeys. Travel for religious purposes – primarily pilgrimages – accounts for a significant share of tourism globally, while the demand for such travel has grown considerably in recent decades. This is driven not only by spiritual but also by cultural interest. The 2025 holy year is expected to see a significant increase in the number of visitors to the main pilgrimage sites in Europe and Hungary, but especially in Rome, where 30-35 million pilgrims are expected. The jubilee year could also have a positive impact on the economy, with major construction works, pilgrims’ spending and an expected recovery in employment. Hungary can also be considered rich in religious tourism and related cultural assets: a survey has estimated the number of religious tourist attractions in Hungary at close to 4,000.
The meaning and significance of the holy year
The holy year is a special religious season, proclaimed by the Catholic Church at specific times. The first jubilee holy year was in 1300. The holy year is a special time of grace and penance, when the faithful can, under certain conditions, receive a full indulgence. The ordinary jubilee year is celebrated every 25 years and lasts for a full year, while the extraordinary jubilee year can be held in any year and can be shorter. The last ordinary jubilee year was in 2000 and the last extraordinary jubilee year was in 2015 (Extraordinary Jubilee Year of Mercy).
The jubilee year is proclaimed and opened by the pope of the day. It is proclaimed with a bull and opened since 1500 with the opening of the so-called Holy Door in the Vatican, but holy doors are also opened in other Roman basilicas (in 2025: the Basilica of St. John Lateran, the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, the Basilica of St. Paul outside the city walls, as well as a Roman prison). These are the entrance doors or gates that are walled up or kept closed between two holy years, and only at the beginning of the holy year are they broken through with a hammer or opened by the pope of the day.
Source of image: Shutterstock
In the Catholic tradition, during the holy year, believers have the opportunity to visit (or, in other words, make a pilgrimage to) special religious sites, especially in Rome, where several holy gates are opened. They are opened not only in Rome, but also in other places of pilgrimage. By passing through one of the holy gates, pilgrims can obtain forgiveness of sins (so-called plenary indulgence). However, the faithful can also obtain plenary indulgence by going on pilgrimage (not only to Rome but also to other holy places).
In pilgrimage, or peregrination in Latin (‘passage through a foreign land’), believers visit a place of pilgrimage, either individually or in a community, where they perform religious practices out of piety, vows or penance.
In 2025, Pope Francis announced that the place of reception of the plenary indulgence will be all cathedrals and co-cathedrals, as well as all minor basilicas and places designated by the ordinariate (primate, diocesan bishop). In Hungary, there are 53 designated places where the faithful can receive plenary indulgence.
Events and community programmes organised by the Church are particularly prominent during holy years. During this time, the Church also launches various charitable and social initiatives aimed at bringing forms of love and support to the poor and needy. The holy year thus encourages social and moral responsibility, as well as religious renewal.
The theme of the 2025 (and the 27th) ordinary holy year is the strengthening of hope and trust, which Pope Francis officially launched on Christmas Eve, 24 December 2024 with the opening of the Holy Door of St. Peter’s Basilica. The holy year runs until 6 January 2026. Pope Francis decided that the solemn mass to open the holy year would be celebrated in dioceses around the world outside Rome on 29 December 2024 and the closing ceremony on 28 December 2025.
Logo for the holy year 2025
Pope Francis identified peace as the most important element of hope. Pope Francis has repeatedly called for peace following the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war, and the Holy Father is known to use his influence to mobilise for peace. He is therefore also seizing the special time of the jubilee year to stress the importance of and promote peace. Pope Francis has proposed setting up an international fund to fight hunger from funds spent on arms production. In his bull proclaiming the holy year, he also called for support for young people, families, the sick and elderly, the disadvantaged and the poor.
Pope Francis also called on the international community for richer countries to do their utmost this year (through a period of grace and the year of mercy) to cancel the debts of countries that are not in a position to repay them.
Pilgrimage, religious tourism and the economy
Pilgrimage has a long history and is a common religious practice. The pilgrim might undertake a long journey for a variety of reasons: individual decision – conviction; penance and absolution – to gain indulgence (forgiveness of sins); political goals (e.g. crusades). Christian pilgrims would visit the important sites of the life of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary or a particular saint. There were three main pilgrimage sites in the Middle Ages (and they are still of particular importance today): the Holy Land (Jerusalem), Rome and Santiago de Compostela (the resting place of St. James the Apostle, the so-called El Camino).
Source of image source: Shutterstock
Pilgrimage is also of major importance in the holy year 2025. Religious tourism, one of the oldest forms of tourism, is linked to pilgrimage and has always been a lucrative business. Even today – not only in previous centuries – millions of people (not only Christians but also Jews, Muslims, etc.) make pilgrimages every year, around which a whole industry has developed: accommodation, guides, transport, sports complexes and other entertainment facilities, restaurants, gift shops. Each of the major world religions has a huge base for building up mass religious or pilgrimage tourism sites; thousands of churches, cathedrals, mosques, tombs and holy sites are visited by visitors worldwide (Csapó – Matesz, 2007).
According to the 1995 definition of religious and pilgrimage tourism by the UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization), it includes all religiously motivated travel outside the usual environment that is not of a professional nature (e.g. work-related travel by priests). Although weddings and funerals are essentially in the category of visits to friends and family, in some countries where these ceremonies have a strong religious emphasis, it may be more appropriate to classify them as religious and pilgrimage tourism (UNWTO, 1995).
Religious tourism in the narrower sense includes pilgrimages, visits to religious sites and participation in religious events, only if the participating believer is also spiritually active in the event and the organisers of the trip pay special attention to the spiritual dimension, not just to the tourist services (Csapó, 2024). In a broader sense, religious tourism can also be understood as the visit and viewing of religious sites and attractions by believers or non-believers, not only as sacred places, but also as cultural, historical or artistic monuments (Varga, 2011).
Within religious tourism – also as a result of the above definitions – there are several possibilities to be considered (the list is not exhaustive):
- classical pilgrimage (the participant travels to a holy place out of religious devotion),
- visiting religious “tourist attractions”,
- church tourism (cultural, historical and architectural, non-religious motivation),
- religious events (e.g. crusades, congresses, meetings, religiously based camps, conventions and other religious events such as Holy Week processions or Passion Plays),
- missions and volunteering,
- spiritual retreats,
- religiously based round trips,
- religious itineraries (travelling along a predetermined route and with a predetermined purpose, e.g. the Camino to Santiago or the Via Francigena).
According to the secretary general of the World Tourism Organization, religious tourism has three main advantages (quoted in Griffin – Raj, 2017):
- Religious tourism raises awareness of the common heritage of humanity and provides resources for its preservation.
- It may contribute to the development of a given place and community.
- It builds cultural understanding and acceptance.
Religious tourism is also closely linked to cultural tourism. The following are important factors for both (Csapó, 2024):
- Discovering and visiting built and tangible assets (buildings, objects created by different artistic disciplines).
- Learning about cultural values linked to everyday life (leisure, lifestyle, habits, gastronomy).
- Events, festivals (Puczkó – Rátz, 1998).
Moreover, religious tourism is also linked to other tourism sectors such as ecotourism and nature conservation, rural and agro-tourism or health tourism (Csapó, 2024). In addition, “religious tourism is in a constant state of development and transformation. Social, economic and political changes fundamentally determine travel, travel opportunities, the possibility to participate in it, the characteristics of sending and receiving markets. Changes in the technological, cultural and natural environment have a significant impact on experience, the motivation to travel and the opportunities in travelling. Given that religious tourism can be considered a classic tourism product, the trends that can be seen as those that most strongly influence religious tourism, with the focus of travel being mainly on spiritual experiences, include a greater emphasis on self-realisation and self-awareness, physical and mental health, the appreciation of human relations, the generalisation of sustainability, the further increase in individual and extended experiences, and the new opportunities offered by digital technologies […] In modern societies, there is an increasing demand for spirituality while the world is becoming less personalised due to globalisation, so that the pursuit of personal happiness and peace remains a priority for people” (Kundi, 2024).
The coronavirus pandemic and restrictions also contributed to the increase in demand for pilgrimages: “a drastic experience of the transience of life and an appreciation of life and its quality. The period of war, the decline in economic prosperity, the instability generated by political tensions bring with them a further deepening of religious people’s faith, atheists’ introversion and introspection, and a rethinking of values” (Kundi, 2024). Overall, there has been an increase in demand for religious travel, driven by both spiritual and cultural interest.
The supply side has been both stable over the centuries (e.g. pilgrimage accommodation) and adaptable to modern demand needs (Kundi, 2024): economic sustainability (e.g. maintaining a church, group pilgrimage), the use of modern technologies (e.g. advertising, travel planning, itineraries), focusing on experiences (e.g. guided tours, the creation of scenic viewpoints, running visitor centres).
At an international conference on religious tourism in 2017, it was mentioned the UNWTO estimated that some 300-330 million tourists visit the world’s major religious sites each year, and that some 600 million national and international religious trips are made around the world (cited in Griffin – Raj, 2017).
The global market for religious tourism was estimated to be worth USD 1,294 billion (HUF 473 trillion) in 2024, of which religious tourism linked to the Catholic Church accounted for 24.1%. The global religious tourism market is expected to reach USD 2,010 billion (HUF 734 trillion, calculated at the average exchange rate in 2024) in 2031. The industry is expected to grow at an annual rate of 6.5% between 2024 and 2031. Globally, the 30-40 age group accounts for the largest share of the market (35.2%), mainly due to higher disposable income and more flexible working hours.
Rome, the eternal city
Rome and the Vatican have been the main destinations for pilgrimages in the past centuries and for the current holy year as well. In 2024, 13 million people visited Rome, according to the Italian national tourism research institute (ISNART). Rome has been preparing intensively for two years to welcome the expected wave of visitors during the holy year, although not all of the more than 300 planned renovation projects were ready for the beginning of the holy year. The event is expected to attract between 30 and 35 million pilgrims to the Italian capital (in addition to the usual number of visitors) and although Rome will be the centre, other Italian cities are also preparing for the event.
Interestingly, in the holy year of 1600, Rome had 3 million more visitors than usual, when the city’s population was only 117,000.
Source: Shutterstock
Significant construction work has been taking place in Rome, boosting the economy, but accommodation and catering facilities are also being built to welcome pilgrims, and major cultural events are also expected. In terms of practical preparations, the city of Rome has embarked in recent years on major works such as the creation of pedestrian streets and the renovation of metro stations to accommodate the more than 30 million pilgrims expected. The works have also uncovered ancient ruins in several parts of the city.
The city council received €1.3 billion from the Italian state for the jubilee anniversary, as well as around €3 billion from EU funds. Rome’s third metro line is being completed from a further €4 billion, linking the city’s two main basilicas, St. Peter’s and St. John Lateran’s.
The holy year, which takes place every 25 years, involves significant expenditure to carry out essential works, but also represents a huge economic opportunity as pilgrims and tourists are expected to boost the local economy through their spending in Rome and the rest of Italy. According to the Ministry of Tourism, the 2025 jubilee will attract 35 million arrivals and 105 million overnight stays in Rome alone, with an estimated spending by visitors of €17 billion.
Rome is expected to see a revenue of €4-4.5 billion, but other cities will also benefit, with Naples expecting 18 million visitors and Venice expecting a 25% increase in overnight stays during the holy year.
For many Romans, the 2025 jubilee could be a challenge, as construction work disrupts daily life and rising house prices make central neighbourhoods unaffordable. However, those who take advantage of the favourable opportunities could generate significant income. Rome currently has 31,000 holiday homes and bed and breakfasts, almost double the number in 2021. Many have converted their properties into short-term rentals to accommodate the more than 30 million pilgrims expected. Meanwhile, short-term rentals in Rome have increased by 73% compared to 2019 (AirDna data).
The economic impact of the last ordinary jubilee year of 2000 was examined by the Italian central bank (Banca d’Italia), comparing the dynamics of some economic indicators in Rome with those of similar provinces not affected by the event. Overall, the jubilee had a slightly positive but temporary impact on per capita value added: the economy grew in the short term, while in the long term the impact was no different from what it would have been had Rome not hosted the jubilee (Bronzini – Mocetti – Mongardini, 2019). On the positive side, the employment rate increased significantly and persistently overall. However, the event was also accompanied by a sectoral shift towards less productive economic activities: for example, construction and lower-skilled services (Bronzini – Mocetti, 2020). Investments in infrastructure, facilities and urban renewal did not significantly increase house prices in the long run, except in peripheral residential areas, where appreciation occurred. Tourism only increased temporarily in the year of the event, before returning to normal levels (Bronzini – Mocetti – Mongardini, 2019).
Europe’s Marian shrines attract millions every year – and in the holy year too
Lourdes
One of the best-known Marian shrines is Lourdes in France, visited by nearly 9 million people from 140 countries in 2023. Tourism is the biggest source of income for this town of 13,000 inhabitants. The Virgin Mary appeared to a fourteen-year-old girl, Bernadette Soubirous, first on 11 February 1858, and then several times thereafter. Inexplicable healings have taken place at the waters of Lourdes (out of these, the Church recognises 70 miraculous healings) and Bernadette was canonised in 1933, becoming the patron saint of the sick, while the day of the first apparition (11 February) was declared World Day of the Sick by the Church.
According to a study by Vanessa J. Panaligan, Pilgrims, Prayers, and Profits, Lourdes often rivals Paris in terms of visitor numbers – and has the second largest hotel capacity in France after the capital. And according to a 2004 study, the town is estimated to make a total annual profit of €270 million (nearly HUF 68 billion at the then exchange rate) through the goods and services sectors, particularly in the hospitality sector.
Fátima
In 2023, a record 6.8 million pilgrims visited one of the most visited Marian shrines in the world, Fátima in Portugal. On 13 May 1917, during the First World War, the Virgin Mary appeared to three shepherd children. On the last visit, on 13 October, the sun changed colour and began to move swiftly and in a whirlpool.
Czestochowa
Around 4.5 million pilgrims go to Czestochowa in Poland each year to pray before the image of the world-famous black Madonna at the Pauline monastery of Jasna Góra. This icon is believed to have miraculous powers and has a healing effect on thousands of believers.
Loreto
Located in the middle of Italy, on the Adriatic coast, this town of 13,000 is one of the country’s most famous pilgrimage destinations. An average of 4 million pilgrims a year go there to visit the Santa Casa (Holy House), the house of the Virgin Mary. According to legend, the birthplace of the Virgin Mary and the home of the Holy Family were brought to Europe by angels. Archaeological research suggests that the house is indeed from the Middle East and was probably moved by the crusaders.
Međugorje
Since June 24-25, 1981, when six children in a small village in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Međugorje, first reported seeing and receiving messages from the Virgin Mary, more than 40 million pilgrims from all over the world have come to the site. Each year, the Franciscans who care for the shrine welcome more than a million pilgrims. In 2019, Pope Francis officially authorized organized pilgrimages to Međugorje, but the Church is still investigating the events and the authenticity of the apparitions of Mary that took place there. The fact that pilgrimages to Međugorje can now be officially organised has had a positive impact on the local economy, including tourism and services.
Other Marian sites in Europe (the list is not exhaustive)
The Austrian town of Mariazell, with a population of just two thousand, is visited by more than a million people a year on pilgrimage. With more than a million pilgrims a year, Altötting in Upper Bavaria is also one of the largest Marian shrines in the world. In addition, Csíksomlyó in Transylvania attracts several hundred thousand Pentecostal pilgrims every year, while nearly half a million pilgrims visit the shrine each year.
Religious tourism in Hungary
Hungary is rich in religious tourism and related cultural values. As Csapó – Marton – Barcza (2024, p. 48) describe in their study, “the list of religious sites in Hungary was last compiled in 2013 (Raffay et al., 2013; Sulyok – Mártonné Máthé, 2014). According to this, the total number of religious tourism attractions in Hungary is close to 4,000, but it is important to see that these built monuments alone are not necessarily – or in the vast majority of cases, are not – able to generate tourism flows”. The majority of them are churches, ruins, chapels (3,518), bell towers (105) and calvarias (103). The number of synagogues in Hungary is also high (73). In addition, 14 monasteries, 25 diocesan collections, treasuries and 45 bishop’s palaces and parishes were recorded in Hungary. Sacral monuments are the most important tourist generators in the country, with more than 120 such sites:
The most important built religious tourism attractions and sites in Hungary. Csapó, J., 2024, cited in Csapó – Marton – Barcza (2024, Kundi (ed.), p. 49).
Most of our religious tourism attractions are located in and around Budapest (e.g. St. Stephen’s Basilica, Matthias Church, Dohány Street Synagogue, Deák Square Evangelical Church), especially in Esztergom (Esztergom Basilica), Visegrád (St. John the Baptist Church), Vác (Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption in Vác), Márianosztra (Basilica of Our Lady of Hungary) and Székesfehérvár (Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption) (Csapó – Marton – Barcza, 2024).
“Other towns in Hungary with outstanding built religious tourism attractions include Pannonhalma, Győr, Szeged, Pécs, Debrecen, Veszprém, Eger, Miskolc and Sopron. We can also talk about settlements where there is an outstanding attraction, such as Ják, Pilisvörösvár, Kőszeg, Máriakéménd, Máriagyűd, Máriapócs or Zirc […] In addition to Christian monuments – which predominate in number by about 90%, with the Roman Catholic Church accounting for the largest proportion –, there are also a few religious tourism attractions, mainly synagogues, which are linked to Judaism. In addition to these, there are also religious built heritage sites of particular importance for religious tourism, either preserved as historical traces of centuries or of modern origin, such as mosques (the mosque of Yakovali Hassan and the mosque of Pasha Gazi Qasim – now a Christian church –, Pécs) or Buddhist centres (Zalaszántó Peace Stupa, Krishna Valley – Somogyvámos)” (Csapó – Marton – Barcza, 2024, p. 50-51.).
In addition to the built sacred monuments, the various pilgrimage sites are also of particular importance during the holy year 2025. Hungary is rich in such places too, with over 60 pilgrimage sites. These sacred sites, linked to the lives of saints, miraculous deeds and miraculous places, attract thousands of pilgrims who visit them with a specific religious purpose (Csapó – Marton – Barcza, 2024). The vast majority of pilgrimage sites are linked to the Christian religion, in particular Catholicism, and the majority are linked to the Virgin Mary and the cult of Mary. The most visited pilgrimage site in Hungary is Máriagyűd (Siklós, Máriagyűd Basilica and Shrine), the second most visited is Gödöllő (Máriabesnyő Basilica of the Assumption), also Mátraverebély (Blessed Virgin Mary pilgrimage site), Hercegszántó (Vodica Mary shrine), Bodajk (Virgin Mary Church), Bakonybél (St. Maurice Monastery) (Csapó – Marton – Barcza, 2024).
The most important pilgrimage sites in Hungary. Csapó, J., 2024, quoted in Csapó – Marton – Barcza (2024, Kundi (ed.), p. 52).
“The thematic and spatial location of some pilgrimage sites in Hungary provides an opportunity for networking, in this case the creation of thematic religious tourism routes, i.e. pilgrimage routes. In Hungary, there are 10 such thematic pilgrimage routes (e.g. Saint Martin’s Way, Saint James’ Way, the Way of Mary, Hungarian Pilgrimage Route). These routes are not only religious routes, but have also become active participants in tourism and economic development. The routes followed by pilgrims often pass through cultural and historical sites, thus helping to preserve and promote local heritage. Some of these pilgrimage routes are part of important international routes, such as the Way of Mary or Saint James’ Way”, the latter of which has two Hungarian sections (Csapó – Marton – Barcza, 2024, p. 52-53). The international Saint James’ Way (El Camino) was completed by a record number of nearly half a million pilgrims in 2024.
“The most important pilgrimage route in Central and Eastern Europe, the Way of Mary, links the holy places (shrines, chapels, springs) of Hungary linked to Mary to the European network of pilgrimages (Kőszeg – Celldömölk – Bakonybél – Csatka – Bodajk – Esztergom – Márianosztra – Mátraverebély–Szentkút – Budapest – Máriabesnyő – Gyöngyös – Egerszalók – Eger – Miskolc – Sajópálfala – Tokaj – Máriapócs). The route is unique in Hungary in that it forms a cross on the map […] The westernmost point of the pilgrimage route is Mariazell, the easternmost point is Csíksomlyó, the northernmost point is Częstochowa, and the southernmost point is Međugorje” (Csapó – Marton – Barcza, 2024, p. 64).
The route of the Way of Mary. Map source: mariaut.hu
“The route of Saint Martin’s Way, declared a European Cultural Route by the Council of Europe in 2005, runs from Szombathely to Tours and presents the life and cult of one of Europe’s most popular saints, Martin” (Csapó – Marton – Barcza, 2024, p. 64).
“Other pilgrimage routes in Hungary include a county route (the Medieval Churches Route, which covers about 18 settlements in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county) and a route linked to the Jewish religion (the Csodarabbik Route: Mád – Tarcal – Tokaj –Bodrogkeresztúr – Olaszliszka – Sárospatak – Sátoraljaújhely – Erdőbénye – Abaújszántó – Tállya – Mád). The latter is interesting because, in addition to its outstanding Jewish cultural and architectural monuments, it has a high international visitor rate due to the legend of the miraculous rabbis” (Csapó – Marton – Barcza, 2024, p. 64-65).
In addition to built attractions, museums, exhibitions, pilgrimage sites, pilgrimage routes, festivals and events related to religion(s) and religious tourism are less known so far, but represent an important religious tourism attraction. They offer mainly music and partly art (the list is not exhaustive): the Church Music Festival, the Reformed Music Festival, the Óbuda Synagogue Programmes, the Five Churches Festival, the Ars Sacra Festival.
Summary
The holy year is a special religious period in the Catholic Church, with the ordinary jubilee being held every 25 years, while the extraordinary jubilee year can be held in any year. The last ordinary jubilee year was in 2000 and the last extraordinary jubilee year was in 2015 (Extraordinary Jubilee Year of Mercy). The jubilee year is proclaimed and opened by the pope, the latter in a ceremony known as the opening of the Holy Door at the Vatican.
During the holy year, believers have the opportunity to visit special religious places (i.e. make a pilgrimage) and thus receive a full indulgence (i.e. forgiveness of sins). The primary pilgrimage destination is Rome and to pass through one of the holy gates there, but (pilgrimage) sites have been designated throughout Europe where full indulgence can be obtained. The Church also launches various charitable and social initiatives during the holy years.
Travel for religious purposes – pilgrimages in particular – is not only the oldest form of tourism, but also a significant part of it globally. The three main pilgrimage destinations since the Middle Ages are Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela. In addition, Europe’s Marian shrines (e.g. Lourdes, Fátima, Czestochowa, Međugorje) also attract millions of pilgrims every year. The UNWTO estimates that between 300 and 330 million tourists visit the world’s most important religious sites each year, and that some 600 million national and international religious trips are made around the world.
In recent decades, there has been a growing demand for religious travel, driven not only by spiritual but also by cultural interest. It is also driven by the increasing importance of physical and mental health, the generalisation of sustainability, the growing demand for travel as a (spiritual) experience and the new opportunities offered by digital technologies.
This year’s holy year will focus on Rome and the Vatican. The event is expected to attract between 30 and 35 million pilgrims to the Italian capital, in addition to the usual number of visitors (13 million in 2024). Major construction works are underway in Rome that boost the economy, but accommodation and hospitality facilities are also preparing to welcome pilgrims, and major cultural events are also expected. Pilgrims and tourists are expected to boost the local economy through their spending in Rome and the rest of Italy. According to the Ministry of Tourism, the 2025 jubilee is expected to bring 105 million guest nights in Rome alone, with estimated spending by visitors expected to amount to €17 billion. For Rome, the projected turnover is €4-4.5 billion. The 2000 jubilee had a slightly positive but temporary impact on per capita value added, with the economy growing in the short term, according to an analysis by the central bank of Italy.
Hungary is rich in religious tourism and related cultural values. According to a 2013 survey, the total number of religious tourism attractions in Hungary is close to 4,000. These include more than 3,500 churches, ruins, chapels, more than 100 calvarias, monasteries, church treasuries and bishops’ palaces. Hungary is also rich in various pilgrimage sites, being home to over 60 of them. The thematic and geographical location of some pilgrimage sites provides an opportunity for networking, in this case the creation of thematic religious tourism routes, i.e. pilgrimage routes. There are 10 such thematic pilgrimage routes in Hungary, several of which are part of major international routes (the Way of Mary, Saint James’ Way, Saint Martin’s Way).
